Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) of road drainage systems for sustainability evaluation: Quantifying the contribution of different life cycle phases

Previous Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Costing (LCC) studies on urban drainage systems only included construction materials in the system inventories. The present study aims to suggest an LCA LCC method that for first time, considers inventories from four main phases life cycle impact assessment, including extraction of aggregates production blocks, transportation, construction, civil work finally maintenance end-of-life. were carried out 10 filter drains, infiltration trenches, soakaways, permeable pavement, basin, wetland, retention ponds, swales, strip, kerb gully. Results showed normalisation environmental impacts costs size (length or area) was more appropriate with higher flow rate capacities (e.g., gully). However, low designed store runoff, required storage capacity. associated needed considerable amounts virgin drains) than those limited material swales). Transportation works had a larger contribution demand materials. lowest costing wetland pond. Uncertainty assessment revealed extensive application negative human health, ecosystems resources.